Prostate Cancer

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Prostate Cancer

Prostate Gland: 

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located between the bladder and the penis. The prostate is just in front of the rectum. The urethra runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine flow out of the body. The prostate secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.

Prostate Cancer:

Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate — a small walnut-shaped gland in men that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men.

Risk factors:

Age

Your risk of prostate cancer increases as your age.

Race

For reasons not yet determined, black men carry a greater risk of prostate cancer than do men of other races. In black men, prostate cancer is also more likely to be aggressive or advanced.

Family history

If men in your family have had prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if you have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a very strong family history of breast cancer, your risk of prostate cancer may be higher.

Obesity

Obese men diagnosed with prostate cancer may be more likely to have advanced disease that's more difficult to treat.

Causes:


It's not clear what causes prostate cancer.

Doctors know that prostate cancer begins when some cells in your prostate become abnormal. Mutations in the abnormal cells' DNA cause the cells to grow and divide more rapidly than normal cells do. The abnormal cells continue living, when other cells would die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a tumor that can grow to invade nearby tissue. Some abnormal cells can also break off and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Symptoms/Signs:

  • Trouble urinating
  • Frequent urination
    •
  • Decreased force in the stream of urine
  • Blood in semen
  • Discomfort in the pelvic area
  • Bone pain
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Weak or interrupted urine flow or the need to strain to empty the bladder
  • Blood in urine
  • Pain or burning during urination, which is much less common.


Treatment

Treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer, among other factors. 


Early stage prostate cancer 

A prostatectomy is one possible treatment for early stage prostate cancer. 

 If the cancer is small and localized, a doctor may recommend:
Watchful waiting or monitoring

The doctor may check PSA blood levels regularly but take no immediate action.

Prostate cancer grows slowly, and the risk of side effects may outweigh the need for immediate treatment.


Surgery

A surgeon may carry out a prostatectomy. They can remove the prostate gland using either laparoscopic or open surgery.

Radiation therapy

Brachytherapy: A doctor will implant radioactive seeds into the prostate to deliver targeted radiation treatment. 

Conformal radiation therapy: This targets a specific area, minimizing the risk to healthy tissue. Another type, called intensity modulated radiation therapy, uses beams with variable intensity. 

Advanced prostate cancer


As cancer grows, it can spread throughout the body. If it spreads, or if it comes back after remission, the treatment options will change.

Chemotherapy

This can kill cancer cells around the body, but it can cause adverse effects.

Hormonal therapy

Androgens are male hormones. The main androgens are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Blocking or reducing these hormones appears to stop or delay the growth of cancer cells. One option is to undergo surgery to remove the testicles, which produce most of the body's hormones. Various drugs can also help.

Lupron is a kind of hormone therapy that doctors use to treat prostate cancer.

Most doctors do not recommend surgery in the later stages, as it does not treat cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. However, some experts have suggested that it may help in some cases.

New treatments


  • Cryotherapy
  • High Intensity Focused Ultrasound(HIFU)
After surgery, a doctor will continue to monitor PSA levels.

1. Dr. (Lt. Col.) Aditya Pradhan, Sr. Consultant - Urology & Renal Transplantation, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Near Rajendra Place Metro Station, Pusa Road, New Delhi - 110005, India.
He is an expert in surgery and having a rich experience in this field.

2. Dr. H. S. Bhatyal, Advisior & Sr. Consultant - Urology & Renal Transplantation, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Near Rajendra Place Metro Station, Pusa Road, New Delhi - 110005, India.
He is an expert in surgery and having a rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. H. S. Bhatyal

3. Dr. Gagan Gautam, Head - Urologic Oncology & Robotic Surgery, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket Institutional Area, Saket, New Delhi - 110017, India.
He is an expert in medical oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Gagan Gautam

4. Dr. Rahul Kapoor, Sr. Consultant - Surgical Oncology, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Near Rajendra Place Metro Station, Pusa Road, New Delhi - 110005, India.
He is an expert in surgery and having a rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Rahul Kapoor
5. Dr. Chandragouda Dodagoudar, Sr. Consultant - Medical Oncology, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Near Rajendra Place Metro Station, Pusa Road, New Delhi - 110005, India.
He is an expert in medical oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Chandragouda Dodagoudar

6. Dr. Shikha Halder, Director & Sr. Consultant - Radiation Oncology, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, Near Rajendra Place Metro Station, Pusa Road, New Delhi - 110005, India.
She is an expert in radiation oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Shikha Halder

7. Dr. Ankur Bahl, Sr. Consultant - Medical Oncology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket Institutional Area, Saket, New Delhi - 110017, India.
He is an expert in medical oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Ankur Bahl

8. Dr. Ashutosh Mishra, Consultant - Surgical Oncology, Artemis Hospitals, Sector - 51, Gurugram, Haryana - 122001, India.
He is an expert in surgical oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Ashutosh Mishra

9. Dr. Vinod Raina, Director & HOD - Medical Oncology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute (FMRI), Tower A, Unitech Business Park, Block - F, South City 1, Sector - 41, Gurugram, Haryana -122001.
He is an expert in medical oncology and having a very rich experience in this field.
Profile Link: Dr. Vinod Raina

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